Britannica Money (2024)

You’re likely already familiar with gold mining, but what is mining for cryptocurrency? Crypto mining is how some cryptocurrencies—like Bitcoin—process transactions and mint new tokens. Mining for cryptocurrency is, by design, like digitally mining for gold.

Let’s explore the depths of this proverbial mine to help you decide whether to delve deep into the digital trenches as a crypto investor or remain safely above ground.

What is crypto mining?

Cryptocurrency mining uses specialized computing resources to add blocks to a proof-of-work (PoW) blockchain. Adding a new block to a blockchain validates and records the latest batch of transactions and simultaneously mints new digital tokens.

The process of cryptocurrency mining is the “work” in a proof-of-work blockchain. Crypto miners use vast amounts of computing power as they compete to solve a complex math puzzle. The fastest miner to solve the puzzle is awarded the privilege of adding the newest block to a blockchain. They also collect transaction fees and the newly minted cryptocurrency associated with that block.

Cryptocurrency mining requires substantial computing power, which is typically measured in hashes per second—also known as a miner’s hash rate. (“Hashing” is a cryptographic function that converts variable inputs like transaction information into fixed-length strings of characters, or hashes.) Crypto miners use specialized hardware, including application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and graphics processing units (GPUs).

Anyone with an Internet connection and enough computing power to compete with other miners can choose to mine for cryptocurrency. Crypto mining is decentralized by nature, which supports the security of a proof-of-work blockchain. (Learn more about decentralized public ledger technology and consensus mechanisms.)

How does crypto mining work?

Cryptocurrency mining is a complex process that requires sophisticated technical skills. But how exactly does it work? Here are the basic steps for using mining to process a pool of cryptocurrency transactions:

• Transactions are pooled for verification. New cryptocurrency transactions, initiated but not yet complete, are grouped into what miners call a pool. Each transaction consists of information about the transaction itself plus a transaction processing fee.
• Unverified transactions are bundled into a block. Miners bundle together some or all of these unverified transactions to form a block. If many transactions are pooled and awaiting verification, miners may prioritize the transactions based on transaction size, transaction age, or the associated processing fee.
• Miners race to solve a complex math puzzle. With a block assembled, the race to mine this new block officially begins. Miners use powerful computing hardware to solve a complex puzzle, which requires finding a specific number—a nonce—that produces a hash when combined with the block’s data.
• The fastest miner broadcasts the puzzle’s solution. The first miner to find the correct nonce and create a valid hash then broadcasts that hash to the blockchain network. Being the first to broadcast a valid hash is a lot like a gold miner shouting “Eureka!” during the California Gold Rush of the 1800s.
• Other miners verify the solution’s accuracy. The next step is for other miners in the blockchain network to verify the accuracy of the broadcasted hash. Consensus about accuracy is achieved once enough miners—as defined by the rules of the blockchain protocol—confirm that the solution is correct.
• A new block is added to the blockchain. The miner who first broadcasted the correct hash processes the transactions in the block, resulting in a new block being added to the blockchain. At the time that the new block is added, all of the block’s transactions are officially confirmed. New digital tokens may also be minted, depending on how the blockchain protocol operates.
• Mining rewards are distributed. The miner who added the new block to the chain is eligible to receive rewards, which are promptly distributed after the block is added. Rewards may consist of the transaction fees and any newly minted tokens.

Cryptocurrency mining is an innovative digital practice that can yield significant benefits and rewards—but that doesn’t mean it’s without disadvantages.

Pros of cryptocurrency mining

Here’s what to love about cryptocurrency mining:

• Enables blockchains to operate. Bitcoin and other proof-of-work blockchains rely on cryptocurrency mining to process transactions and mint new tokens.
• Supports blockchain security. The decentralized nature of crypto mining can make a proof-of-work blockchain network extremely secure. Mining plays a crucial role in maintaining this security.
• Efficiently distributes rewards. Cryptocurrency mining supports an efficient mechanism for distributing digital rewards. Miners who successfully add blocks to a blockchain automatically receive transaction processing fees and new digital tokens.
• Creates economic opportunities. The accessibility of crypto mining is creating new business opportunities for tech-savvy people around the world. People in regions with low-cost electricity can particularly benefit from mining cryptocurrency.

Cons of cryptocurrency mining

The practice of cryptocurrency mining has received substantial criticism—much of it well deserved. The negative aspects include:

• High energy consumption. Cryptocurrency mining uses an appalling amount of electricity—on par with the electricity usage of many midsize countries. The most popular blockchains consume the most energy because they have the most miners competing for rewards, and each miner needs a lot of electricity to power their computing equipment.
• Equipment costs. Purchasing a vast quantity of specialized computing hardware is prohibitively expensive for most people. The high cost of becoming a cryptocurrency miner is often a barrier to entry.
• Environmental impact. Crypto mining is typically harmful to the environment because of the significant energy and equipment that are required. Nonrenewable energy production and electronic equipment manufacturing are both associated with the emission of greenhouse gases.
• Technological complexity. Crypto mining is a technologically advanced process that requires extensive knowledge of hardware and software. The technical skills required for crypto mining are another barrier to entry.
• Diminishing profitability. The profitability of mining for popular cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin is generally decreasing. Competition among crypto miners is rising, requiring miners to purchase even more hardware to continue to compete. Many blockchain protocols also use a predetermined schedule to reduce the block rewards paid to crypto miners over time.
• Tax reporting challenges. Mining for cryptocurrency can create complex tax situations. Accurately reporting mining rewards and complying with the applicable tax laws—which vary across jurisdictions—may be challenging for crypto miners.
• Security vulnerabilities. Cryptocurrency miners may be vulnerable to different types of security risks. Hacking, malware, and cyberattacks can grant unauthorized access to a miner’s equipment, resulting in the theft of mining rewards and confidential data.
• Operational and financial risk. Crypto mining is operationally and financially risky. Mining hardware can break or become quickly obsolete, requiring downtime and expensive repairs. Fluctuating cryptocurrency prices and electricity costs impose additional financial risks that cannot entirely be mitigated.

The bottom line

Many crypto miners would say that the best cryptocurrency to mine is the one that’s the most profitable. That may be true—but anyone who cares about the environmental impact of their crypto investments might consider avoiding proof-of-work tokens altogether. If you’re looking at Bitcoin, or another proof-of-work cryptocurrency, then do some research on the associated energy consumption and ecological footprint. Opting for proof-of-stake or another more energy-efficient consensus mechanism might align better with an environmentally conscious choice.