EBA e BCE a favore del credito (2024)

La BCE ha annunciato in questi giorni l’aumento del PEPP (Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme), il programma di acquisto bond, per ulteriori 500 miliardi arrivando a un totale di 1.350, prolungandolo fino a marzo 2022. Gli acquisti netti nell’ambito del programma di acquisto di attività (App) continueranno a un ritmo mensile di 20 miliardi di euro. La Bce ha lasciato, come da attese, i tassi d’interesse invariati: il tasso principale rimane a zero, il tasso sui depositi a -0,50% e il tasso sui prestiti marginali a 0,25%.

Un fiume di denaro che dovrebbe riversarsi su imprese e consumatori per avviare la ripresa. Ma proprio qui potrebbe bloccarsi la catena di trasmissione scontrandosi con i vincoli che hanno finora frenato l’erogazione del credito da parte delle banche, costrette dalle norme a rafforzare la propria solidità patrimoniale. Un principio sacrosanto, visti i tanti fallimenti recenti degli istituti di credito, ma impedisce che i fondi stanziati arrivino a destinazione. Proprio per questo l’Autorità Bancaria Europea ha prolungato al 31 marzo 2021 le linee guida che sospendono la riclassificazione automatica dei crediti per i prestiti con moratoria, nell’ottica di tenere aperti i rubinetti del credito. Letta così la cosa pare essere un qualcosa di confinato nel grigio e severo mondo della normativa bancaria, ma si tratta invece di quello che tutti aspettano e dell’ossigeno necessario all’Italia e all’Europa. La crisi economica seguente quella sanitaria, il lockdown, la caduta della fiducia dei consumatori, l’aumento tragico della disoccupazione, hanno lasciato all’Italia un’eredità da € 100 miliardi di crediti deteriorati, tra sofferenze e incagli nel 2021 porteranno a 385 miliardi le esposizioni a rischio, per un tasso di default del 2,8% (1,3% del 2019), e con ulteriore incremento nel 2022.

Nel 2021 dovrebbe entrare in vigore il nuovo framework bancario Basilea4 che introduce nuovi e più stringenti limiti e norme al credito e prevede una maggiore solidità patrimoniale in essere agli istituti di credito. L’assunzione di credito vede una maggiore attenzione e classificazione dei NPL (non-performing loans ovvero i crediti deteriorati) in base ai parametri normati dai quattro regolamenti emessi dal Comitato di Basilea per la vigilanza bancaria (Comité de Bâle sur le contrôle bancaire o Basel Committeeon Banking Supervision). Dall’analisi dei parametri CET1 (Common Equity Tier 1, rapporto tra il TIER1 e le attività di rischio, il risultato deve essere almeno l’8%) e TIER1 (capitale che la banca ha a disposizione per far fronte perdite senza andare a colpire il patrimonio dei clienti), discende un processo di revisione e valutazione prudenziale, lo SREP (Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process) e il Transparency Exercise pubblicato da EBA (European Banking Authority), quello su cui poi si basano gli stress test.

Tradotto in termini semplici le banche possono avere risorse da prestare e progetti da finanziare, ma non è detto che possano erogare i fondi disponibili. Il motivo è che per responsabilizzare le banche nella concessione del credito, queste non possono prestare solo soldi presi a prestito, ma devono metterci quota parte del proprio capitale nell’ordine di circa il 12% (ogni 100 euro prestati 12 sono degli azionisti). I parametri su richiamati stabiliscono l’ammontare del capitale degli istituti e il rapporto su quanto possono quindi prestare. Il rinnovo delle linee guida di EBA non è infinito, ma è circoscritto ai prestiti concessi fino a 9 mesi e implica che gli istituti documentino all’Autorità i parametri alla base dell’istruttoria.

Gli strumenti usati per affrontare la crisi dal punto di vista finanziario sono essenzialmente due, la moratoria su citata e le garanzie statali. Il prolungamento delle linee guida EBA ha incontrato un generale plauso, persino dalle agenzie di credito, ultima in ordine di tempo Fitch. Ma non sono mancati i consueti appunti sulla politica del ventre molle dell’Europa. Tutti gli stati europei hanno scelto di usare uno dei due sistemi, persino Cipro e Grecia, ma solo due governi hanno implementato nella propria governance sia la moratoria che le garanzie sui prestiti, Italia e Spagna. Secondo le agenzie di rating il pericolo è di spostare i problemi al 2022, quando saremo fuori dalla pandemia. Gli strumenti di sollievo usati assieme mettono a rischio la solidità delle banche, la non automatica riclassificazione dei crediti rischia di nascondere situazioni debitorie a rischio alto nei bilanci e di indebolire ulteriormente la già scarsa coscienza nei pagamenti da parte di molte imprese.

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EBA e BCE a favore del credito (2024)

FAQs

What is the main goal of the ECB? ›

The primary objective of the ECB's monetary policy is to maintain price stability. This means making sure that inflation – the rate at which the prices for goods and services change over time – remains low, stable and predictable.

What does the ECB stand for? ›

European Central Bank (ECB)

What is the main task of the European Central Bank? ›

The ECB is the central bank of the European Union countries which use the euro. Our main task is to maintain price stability. We do this by making sure that inflation remains low, stable and predictable. In this way, we seek to help you plan your saving and spending.

What is the second line of defense in the ECB? ›

The ECB's operational management, which is responsible for establishing systems of internal controls, is the first line of defence. The ECB's risk management, control, compliance and oversight functions represent the second line of defence.

What are the benefits of ECB? ›

Benefits of External Commercial Borrowing
  • The value of funds is generally lower when borrowed from external sources. ...
  • Since the markets are larger when raising funds through ECB, companies can meet larger requirements from international players in comparison with what can be achieved through domestic players.

Who is the ECB accountable to? ›

The ECB is accountable for its actions to the European Parliament as the body composed of the elected representatives of the EU's citizens.

Who funds the ECB? ›

The capital of the ECB comes from the national central banks (NCBs) of all EU Member States and amounts to €10,825,007,069.61.

Who owns ECB? ›

The ECB publishes legal acts in all official EU languages, and its working language is English. Who owns the ECB? Together, the central banks of all EU countries own the ECB. Each country's share of the ECB's capital is related to its population and its gross domestic product (GDP), which have equal weighting.

What are the powers of the ECB? ›

The ECB Governing Council makes monetary policy for the Eurozone and the European Union, administers the foreign exchange reserves of EU member states, engages in foreign exchange operations, and defines the intermediate monetary objectives and key interest rate of the EU.

Who controls the banking system? ›

The OCC charters, regulates, and supervises all national banks and federal savings associations as well as federal branches and agencies of foreign banks. The OCC is an independent bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.

How does the ECB control inflation? ›

The ECB expects inflation to remain above 2% in the medium term, which is why it wants to curb demand by raising interest rates. This makes money more "expensive", cooling the economy and dampening inflation.

What are the challenges of the ECB? ›

Looking ahead, the ECB faces several challenges that will shape the future of the EU. One significant challenge is striking the right balance between price stability and supporting economic growth. Another challenge lies in further strengthening the Eurozone's institutional framework.

What does the 3rd line of defense do? ›

The third line of defense is immune cells that target specific antigens. The immune cells that play a role in the third line of defense are B-cells and T-cells, both are white blood cells. The B-cells produce antibodies.

Which line of defense is the ultimate owner of risk? ›

First line: Management (process owners) has the primary responsibility to own and manage risks associated with day-to-day operational activities. Other accountabilities assumed by the first line include design, operation, and implementation of controls.

What are the three lines of defense model ECB? ›

Individuals in the first line own and manage risk directly. The second line oversees the first line, setting policies, defining risk tolerances, and ensuring they are met. The third line, consisting of internal audit, provides independent assurance of the first two lines.

What is the main idea of ECB mode? ›

Electronic Code Book Mode

The Electronic Code Book (ECB) mode uses simple substitution, making it one of the easiest and fastest algorithms to implement. The input plaintext is broken into a number of blocks, and encrypted individually using the key. This allows each encrypted block to be decrypted individually.

What is the target of the ECB? ›

We are targeting an inflation rate of 2% over the medium term. Our commitment to this target is symmetric: we view inflation that is too low just as negatively as inflation that is too high.

What is the ECB's primary mandate? ›

Our main aim is to maintain price stability, i.e. to safeguard the value of the euro.

What is the objective of the European monetary system? ›

he primary objectives of the EMS were to achieve exchange rate stability, encourage economic convergence among member states, and create a framework for the eventual formation of the European Economic and Monetary Union. These goals aimed at fostering a more integrated and stable European economic environment.

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