In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is one of several techniques available to helppeople with fertility problems have a baby.
During IVF, an egg is removed from the woman's ovaries and fertilised with sperm in a laboratory.
The fertilised egg, called an embryo, is then returned to the woman's womb to grow and develop.
It can be carried out using your eggs and your partner'ssperm, or eggs and sperm from donors.
Who can have IVF?
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) fertility guidelines make recommendations about who should have access to IVF treatment on the NHS in England and Wales.
These guidelines recommend that IVF should be offered to women under the age of 43 who have been trying to get pregnant through regular unprotected sex for 2 years. Orwhohave had 12 cycles of artificial insemination, with at least 6 of these cycles using a method called intrauterine insemination (IUI).
However, the final decision about who can have NHS-funded IVF in England is made bylocalintegrated care boards (ICBs), and their criteria may be stricter than those recommended by NICE.
If you're not eligible for NHS treatment, or you decide to pay for IVF, you can have treatment at a private clinic. Costs vary, but 1 cycle of treatment may cost up to £5,000 or more.
Read more about the availability of IVF.
Speaking to your GP aboutIVF
If you're having trouble getting pregnant, you should start by speaking to your GP. They can advise on how to improve your chances of having a baby.
If these measures don't work, your GP can refer youto a fertility specialist for a treatment such as IVF.
Readmore aboutgetting started with IVF.
What happens during IVF
IVF involves 6 main stages:
- suppressing your natural cycle –your menstrual cycle is suppressed with medicine
- helping your ovaries produce extra eggs– medicine is used to encourageyour ovaries to produce more than 1 egg at a time
- monitoring your progress and maturing your eggs– an ultrasound scan is carried out to check the development of the eggs, and medicine is used to help them mature
- collecting the eggs – a needle is inserted through your vagin* and into your ovaries to remove the eggs
- fertilising the eggs – the eggs are mixed with the sperm for a few days to allow them to be fertilised
- transferring the embryo(s)–1 or 2fertilised eggs (embryos) are placed into your womb
Once the embryo(s) has been transferred into your womb, you'll need to wait 2 weeks before taking a pregnancy test to see if the treatment has worked.
Readmore aboutwhat happens duringIVF.
Chances of success
The success rate of IVF depends on the age of the woman having treatment, as well as the cause of the infertility (if it's known).
Younger women are more likely to have a successful pregnancy. IVF isn't usually recommended for women over the age of 42 because the chances of a successful pregnancy are thought to be too low.
In 2019, the percentage of IVF treatments that resulted in a live birth was:
- 32% for women under 35
- 25% for women aged 35 to 37
- 19% for women aged 38 to 39
- 11% for women aged 40 to 42
- 5% for women aged 43 to 44
- 4% for women aged over 44
These figures are for women using their own eggs and their partner’s sperm, using the per embryo transferred measure.
Maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding alcohol, smoking and caffeine during treatment may improve your chances of having a baby with IVF.
Risks of IVF
IVF doesn't always result in pregnancy, and it can be both physically and emotionally demanding.You should be offeredcounselling to help you through the process.
There are also a number of health risks involved, including:
- side effects from the medicines used during treatment, such as hot flushes andheadaches
- multiple births (such as twins or triplets) – this can be dangerous for both the mother and the children
- an ectopic pregnancy–where the embryo implants in the fallopian tubes, rather than in the womb
- ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)–where the ovaries overreact to the medicines used during IVF
Read more aboutsupport available during and after IVFand therisks of IVF.
Page last reviewed: 18 October 2021
Next review due: 18 October 2024
