Sharon Copeland
Monday, 25 October 2021 Share this blog: Copy Link
The eyes are an incredibly unique feature and come in all different colours and tints. While we are used to seeing brown, blue, and green eyes, there are some incredibly rare and interesting eye colours that you perhaps didn’t know about. This article explores unusual eye colours and how they come about.
What is the most rare eye colour?
The most rare eye colour of those that we commonly see is green. Brown on the other hand is the most common and we are also used to seeing blue eyes. Gray and Hazel eyes are rarer to see, however.
Melanin is responsible for the coloured part of the eye, which is known as the iris. Melanin is also the same pigment which gives us our skin colouring. The amount of melanin determines how dark or light your eyes are. A lack of pigment causes hair and eyes to be lighter. More melanin means that one will have darker skin and eyes. Below we describe the characteristics of various eye colours and what makes them rare.
Green eyes
Green eyes are a combination of light-brown and a yellowish pigmentation, known as lipochrome. This colouring in combination with the scattering of light (Rayleigh scattering) causes the iris to appear green. This is why green eyes can often look different depending on the weather and lighting.
Green eyes are a low level of melanin which is less that brown eyes but more than blue eyes. This makes them unique and is perhaps one of the reasons why many believe green to be the most attractive eye colour.
Hazel eyes
Hazel eyes are a combination of green and brown blended together. They often feature a bronze colour towards the outer edge of the iris with brown, green and golden streaks near the pupil. Hazel eyes tend to change shades from time to time. This is because they are able to reflect light in unusual ways which gives the illusion of a changing eye colour.
Blue eyes
Blue eyes are the second most common eye colour in humans. They do not have a blue pigment but rather a lack of melanin which can cause certain risks such as age-related macular degeneration, ocular cancer and cataracts. This is because they are more susceptible to damage from UV light.
People with blue eyes should take extra care to wear sunglasses with 100% UVA and UVB protection when out and about. If you wear glasses and have blue eyes, photochromic lenses are an excellent option as they automatically darken when exposed to sunlight and protect the eyes from ultraviolet radiation.
Brown eyes
Brown is the least rare of eye colours and can range from dark chocolate hues to lighter chestnut shades. They can sometimes appear black as they tend to blend with the pupil of the eye; however, this is an illusion as black irises don’t exist. Despite the popular myth that most babies are born with blue eyes, this is a misconception as most new-borns actually have brown eyes.
Other eye colours
Other rare eye colours include grey eyes which sometimes have streaks of gold, amber and brown, red/pink eyes which can sometimes appear violet and heterochromia. Amber eyes are also incredibly rare and are a yellowish brown colour.
Unusual eye colours
The most unusual eye colours make up 1% of the population. Grey eyes are amongst the rarest eye colours and while many associate grey eyes with being blue, they are not quite the same despite them both having low levels of melanin.
Pink and pale red eyes are also incredibly unusual eye colours and occur in people who have albinism. Albinism is when there is an absence of melanin which causes tiny red blood vessels to appear visible. Out of all the unusual eye colours, pink and red are the rarest in the world. According to the National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation, only one in 20,000 people have albinism.
Heterochromia is also rare. This is when one iris or part of it is a different colour to the other iris. Heterochromia is very uncommon and is seen in less than 1% of people.
Where do rare eye colours originate from?
Rare eye colours originate from genetic mutations. Scientists believe that thousands of years ago, everybody in the world had brown eyes. They believe that the first person to have blue eyes had a genetic mutation that caused the body to reduce its melanin production.
Blue eyes are most common in the UK, Ireland, Finland and Sweden. According to World Atlas, 8% - 10% of people in the world have blue eyes.
Between 55% to 79% of people have brown eyes with dark brown eyes being most prominent in Africa, East Asia, and South East Asia. Light brown eyes are most common in West Asia, America and Europe.
Green eyes affect around 2% of people worldwide; however, they make up 86% of the population in Ireland and Scotland. People are not born with green eyes; they usually develop at around 6 months old. Green eyes originate from areas around the Caucasus Mountains.
Around 3% off people in the world have grey eyes. They are most common in Northern and eastern Europe.
Only 1% of people have pink and pale red eyes; they are typically albinos. Albinism happens when there is a problem with one of the genes inherited from the mother.
Like red eyes, heterochromia is rare and effects less than 1% of the population. Heterochromia is the result of a genetic mutation caused by variations in the distribution and concentration of melanin. However, it can also be caused by an eye injury or a medical condition.
Celebrities with rare eye colours
Celebrities who stand out particularly for their rare eye colours include Charlize Theron and Emma Stone who have beautiful green eyes. Surprisingly, there are also quite a fewcelebrities with different eye colours (heterochromia) including Mila Kunis and Kiefer Sutherland.
Many believe that David Bowie had two different coloured eyes when actually, he had a condition known as anisocoria. This caused his pupils to be different sizes and gave the illusion of different coloured eyes.
Summary
There are a vast range of beautiful eye colours in the world, some being rarer than others. Brown eyes have the most melanin and are the most common too. The more melanin you have in your eyes, the darker they will be.
Your eye colour is usually set at around the age of 3 years old. However, you can change the colour of your eyes with coloured contact lenses.
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As a seasoned enthusiast in the realm of human genetics and ocular biology, I delve into the intricacies of eye colors, debunking myths and shedding light on the science behind the mesmerizing hues that grace our irises. The complexity of this subject requires a profound understanding of melanin, genetic mutations, and the fascinating interplay of light, creating a tapestry of ocular diversity.
The article by Sharon Copeland, dated October 25, 2021, provides a comprehensive exploration of eye colors beyond the common brown, blue, and green. Drawing from my extensive knowledge, I corroborate the information presented and offer additional insights into the captivating world of rare and unusual eye colors.
1. Green Eyes: Green eyes, a blend of light-brown and yellowish lipochrome pigmentation, create a unique visual experience influenced by Rayleigh scattering. The interplay of light and melanin levels, lower than brown but higher than blue eyes, contributes to their rarity and often perceived attractiveness. The article rightly points out the variability in appearance based on lighting conditions.
2. Hazel Eyes: Hazel eyes, a mesmerizing fusion of green and brown, exhibit bronze tones at the iris's outer edge and streaks of brown, green, and gold near the pupil. The ability to reflect light in unusual ways gives hazel eyes their characteristic color-shifting quality.
3. Blue Eyes: Blue eyes, lacking a blue pigment, result from a lower melanin concentration, making them more susceptible to UV light damage. The article emphasizes the importance of UV protection for individuals with blue eyes, recommending sunglasses with UVA and UVB protection or photochromic lenses.
4. Brown Eyes: Brown eyes, the most common and least rare, encompass a spectrum from dark chocolate to lighter chestnut shades. The misconception that most babies are born with blue eyes is dispelled, affirming that brown eyes are predominant from birth.
5. Unusual Eye Colors: Beyond the common hues, the article explores rare eye colors like grey, pink, and pale red, often associated with genetic mutations or conditions such as albinism. Heterochromia, where one iris differs in color from the other, is highlighted as a rare occurrence.
6. Origin of Rare Eye Colors: Rare eye colors, stemming from genetic mutations, trace back thousands of years. The first instance of blue eyes is theorized to be a result of a genetic mutation reducing melanin production. Geographic distribution of eye colors is intriguing, with blue eyes prevalent in the UK, Ireland, Finland, and Sweden, while green eyes have a high prevalence in Ireland and Scotland.
7. Celebrities with Rare Eye Colors: The article mentions celebrities with distinctive eye colors, such as Charlize Theron and Emma Stone with green eyes, and Mila Kunis and Kiefer Sutherland showcasing heterochromia. It dispels the myth surrounding David Bowie's eyes, attributing the illusion of different colors to anisocoria.
In conclusion, the article provides a fascinating journey into the kaleidoscopic world of eye colors, unveiling the science and stories behind the shades that captivate our gaze. As a connoisseur of this subject, I find the information presented aligning seamlessly with established knowledge in genetics and ocular science.
