What Is Skin Crawling (Formication)? (2024)

Formication, or a sensation that your skin is "crawling," is a physical symptom that occurs without a physical cause. This symptom is also called a tactile hallucination. Formication can occur with mental health conditions, neurological diseases, or menopause. It can also be a side effect of medication or recreational drugs.

This article discusses formication, including the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and complications that can occur.

What Is Skin Crawling (Formication)? (1)

Where Did "Formication" Come From?

The term "formication" is from the word "formica"—the Latin word for "ant." Formication is often described as feeling like ants are crawling on a person's skin.

Formication Causes

Formication has a variety of causes, from mental health conditions to side effects of medications or recreational drugs.

Formication can occur as a symptom of mental health disorders. These can include:

  • Anxiety disorders
  • Depression
  • Delusional parasitosis
  • Schizophrenia

Formication can be a side effect of methamphetamine use. This condition is often called "meth mites" because it commonly affects people who use large amounts of this drug on a daily basis.

Formication can also occur with the use of cocaine, crystal meth (a condition known as "co*ke bugs"), and heroin. These sensations can also occur during drug or alcohol withdrawal.

Formication is often caused by medications used to treat mental health conditions. Most commonly, it occurs with the use of antipsychotics, such as Abilify (aripiprazole), Haldol (haloperidol), Zyprexa (olanzapine), fluphenazine, and Risperdal (risperidone).

This side effect can also occur with the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are often used to treat depression. Examples include Paxil (paroxetine), Celexa (citalopram), Luvox (fluvoxamine), Prozac (fluoxetine), and Zoloft (sertraline).

Medications to Treat Schizophrenia

Formication can also occur with other conditions, such as:

  • Menopause
  • Fibromyalgia
  • Diabetic peripheral neuropathy
  • Herpes zoster (shingles)
  • Lupus
  • Parkinson's disease
  • Lewy body dementia

Symptoms

The main symptom of formication is feeling like bugs are crawling on your skin. This condition can also cause other sensations such as:

  • Itching
  • Pricking
  • Tingling
  • Pins and needles

When to See Your Healthcare Provider

If you have recently developed symptoms of formication, or your symptoms are worsening, see your healthcare provider. Your symptoms may be treatable, and it is important to address the cause as soon as possible.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Formication

There is no specific test for formication. Your healthcare provider will review your medical history and current medications and ask questions about your symptoms. It's important to be honest with your provider, even if you are consuming a lot of alcohol or using illegal substances.

Treatment of formication depends on the underlying cause. If it's a side effect of medication, other medications might be tried instead. Formication that occurs from drug use or withdrawal will often resolve on its own, once the drug use has stopped and the body has detoxed.

Mental health conditions can be treated with medication and counseling. Menopause symptoms are often treated with supplements or hormone replacement therapy, while shingles is treated with antiviral medications.

However, formication caused by progressive conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, lupus, or peripheral neuropathy from uncontrolled diabetes, might be permanent.

Complications of Formication

Formication often causes an itching sensation, which leads to scratching. Too much scratching can cause skin irritation and open wounds, which are then vulnerable to infection.

Other complications can include:

  • Irritability
  • Difficulty sleeping
  • Trouble concentrating
  • Poor quality of life
  • Fatigue
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Body aches

Summary

Formication is a sensation of "skin crawling." It is a type of tactile hallucination. Formication can be caused by the use of illegal substances, alcohol or substance withdrawal, medical or mental health conditions, menopause, or as a side effect of drugs. It can lead to difficulty sleeping, skin wounds, irritability, and poor quality of life. To treat formication, the underlying cause must be addressed. In some cases, this symptom may be permanent.

A Word From Verywell

If you feel like your skin is "crawling," you could have formication. Keep track of your symptoms and notice if they occur after a medication change or after consuming alcohol. These can be clues about the cause of your discomfort. Talk to your healthcare provider about your concerns to determine the best treatment options.

Frequently Asked Questions

  • How do you get rid of formication naturally?

    There's no one-size-fits-all approach to treating formication. First, the underlying cause must be identified, which will likely require a visit to your healthcare provider. Natural remedies may or may not be appropriate to treat your condition.

  • Why does my skin crawl at night?

    Skin crawling sensations are often worse at night for a couple of reasons. First, there are fewer things to distract you when your body isn't in motion, making these sensations more obvious. In addition, blood flow to the skin increases at night, which can make itching from formication worse.

  • Can anxiety cause skin crawling?

    Skin crawling, or formication, can be a symptom of anxiety disorders. It can also be a side effect of medications used to treat anxiety.

7 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

  1. Psychology Today. Formication.

  2. Merriam-Webster. Formication.

  3. Mumcuoglu KY, Leibovici MD, Reuveni I, Bonne O. Diagnosis and management of delusional parasitosis.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2019;80(5):1428-1434.

  4. Rusyniak DE. Neurologic manifestations of chronic methamphetamine abuse.Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2013;36(2):261-275. doi:10.1016%2Fj.psc.2013.02.005

  5. National Alliance on Mental Illness. Medication frequently asked questions.

  6. Tao MF, Sun DM, Shao HF, Li CB, Teng YC. Poor sleep in middle-aged women is not associated with menopause per se. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2015;49(1):e4718. doi:10.1590%2F1414-431X20154718

  7. Mumtaz S, Liggins S. Formication.Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;56(8):775-776. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2018.08.004

What Is Skin Crawling (Formication)? (2)

By Aubrey Bailey, PT, DPT, CHT
Dr, Bailey is a Virginia-based physical therapist and professor of anatomy and physiology with over a decade of experience.

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What Is Skin Crawling (Formication)? (2024)

FAQs

What Is Skin Crawling (Formication)? ›

Formication is the feeling of insects crawling across or underneath your skin. The name comes from the Latin word “formica,”which means ant. Formication is known as a type of paresthesia. Paresthesia happen when you feel sensations on your skin that don't have a physical cause.

What is the most common cause of formication? ›

Prescription and recreational drugs are among the most common causes of formication. Withdrawal from drug misuse or alcohol use can also cause formication. The most common drugs that can cause this include: Stimulants: Cocaine, methylphenidate and amphetamines, as well as other stimulant drugs, can cause formication.

What causes crawling feeling on skin? ›

Formication is a sensation of "skin crawling." It is a type of tactile hallucination. Formication can be caused by the use of illegal substances, alcohol or substance withdrawal, medical or mental health conditions, menopause, or as a side effect of drugs.

How to get rid of formication? ›

Treatment for formication often involves medication, counseling, switching away from the medication causing the condition, and seeking the help of a dermatologist. Relief from formication symptoms is possible, and you can find relief.

How to stop the feeling of bugs crawling on you? ›

A topical cream, such as hydrocortisone, might lessen the itching for some people. Moisturizers or barrier creams may also help by keeping the skin healthy and hydrated. It could also be worth placing an ice pack on the affected areas, which can provide a soothing effect for immediate relief.

Can vitamin deficiency cause formication? ›

While formication and tactile hallucinations can be seen as symptoms of dementia or advancing mental illness, vitamin deficiency, or a hormonal problem in post-menopausal women, in this article I hope to present the case that in some people, these symptoms are part of a myriad of “neurological-type” disorders caused by ...

What drug is associated with formication? ›

Misuse of substances such as amphetamines, cannabis, codeine, cocaine, or opiates was described in a third of patients with DI (50). In sporadic cases substance use withdrawal from heroin or alcohol can induce formication (51).

Why do I feel something crawling on my skin but nothing's there? ›

This is a normal response. But some people have the sensation of bugs crawling on or under their skin constantly. This is a tactile hallucination known as formication. People with this condition are convinced the bugs are real, even with reassurance from others they are a hallucination.

Will formication go away? ›

Formication is a symptom of an underlying issue that can be treated. Medications for certain conditions and stopping the use of recreational drugs usually help you get rid of this crawling sensation entirely.

Why do I feel something crawling in my hair but no lice? ›

If you feel like something is crawling on or beneath your skin, but there's nothing there, you may be experiencing a tactile hallucination called formication.

Can anxiety cause skin crawling? ›

Physical symptoms of anxiety include skin crawling or tingling sensations without a medical reason. People describe this sensation differently, but basically anxiety for many people can feel like their skin is crawling or tingling.

Does neuropathy feel like bugs crawling on me? ›

You might feel pins and needles, burning or crawling sensations, numbness or tightness. These unusual sensations are a type of nerve (neuropathic) pain. Although the feelings seem to be in the skin, they are actually due to damage caused by MS which disrupts messages passing along nerves in the central nervous system.

Why do I get itchy when I lay in bed but no bugs? ›

Body temperature: If you have a high body temperature at night, you could have itchy skin. Dry skin: Your body loses moisture at night, which can make your skin itchy. Hormonal changes: At night, your body doesn't produce as many hormones as it does during the day and certain hormones reduce inflammation (swelling).

Can nerves cause crawling sensations? ›

People describe this sensation differently, but basically anxiety for many people can feel like their skin is crawling or tingling. One might feel this in specific body parts like their back or shoulders, or throughout their entire body like it's running through their blood. Sometimes the feeling is constant.

Does MS cause crawling sensations? ›

MS can involve a range of unusual sensations, which can be painful. For example, a 'pins and needles' feeling, a burning sensation or a feeling of things crawling or itching under your skin. These sensations can be the first signs of MS.

Can you feel demodex mites crawling? ›

Crawling sensation: Some individuals may experience a crawling sensation on the lashes and lids. This sensation is often attributed to the movement of Demodex mites on or beneath the skin's surface.

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